Assessment of Toxic Gases and Remediation of Fly/Bottom Ash from Incinerated Wastes using magnetite Nanoparticles
Abstract
The assessment of toxic gases emitted from incinerated waste and the remediation of the residue (fly and bottom ash) were done using Aeroquol gas monitor and magnetite nanoparticles, respectively. The remediation of the fly and bottom ash from the different kinds of waste materials were done in order to convert them to less harmful state. Co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ magnetite from iron(II) and iron(III) chloride salts with NaOH for the control experiment while starch (0.01 and 0.02)g were added to the samples. The magnetite nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) which gave the mineral structure of the samples as magnetite and the particle sizes for MNPs-0.00g, SCMNPs-0.01g and SCMNPs-0.02g as (53.99, 56.63 and 43.82)nm respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the morphological structure of the magnetite nanoparticles in which SCMNPs had a large number of polycrystalline particles as compared to MNPs which had a rectangular plately polycrystalline and porous surface. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy showed the elemental oxides of the magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs and SCMNPs) in which Fe₂O₃, CaO, SiO₂, Cl, Al₂O₃ and SnO₂, with their Mean±S.D as 3.94±4.61, 25.53±18.68, 4.12±1.47, 4.24±3.22, 2.04±0.50, 1.15±0.11 respectively while for fly ash Fe₂O₃, CaO, SiO₂, Cl, Al₂O₃ and SnO₂ their Mean±S.D were 22.12±9.37, 5.57±4.18, 4.12±1.75, 4.79±1.93, 1.86±0.51, 1.24±0.02 respectively and lastly for bottom ash their Mean±S.D for CaO, SiO₂, Cl, Al₂O₃ and SnO₂ were 33.74±11.93, 6.91±3.57, 4.59±2.93, 3.1±1.36 and 1.18±0.09, respectively. These were the most prominent peaks recorded after characterization. The Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) showed the magnetic nanoparticles bands (functional groups), as 828, 902, and 1670 cm⁻¹ with the conformation of magnetite, hydroxyl group and α, β unsaturated ketone group. The results obtained for the assessment of toxic gases indicated the concentration of CO to be the highest and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) as the least for both in-situ (0m) and ex-situ (5m) in all waste materials and the gases evolved/monitored were above WHO permissible limits. Therefore, the results showed that emitted gases from incineration are harmful to humans. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the different ash residues of the waste samples before and after remediation for the period of 30 days using GC-MS showed that the remediation efficiency after adding MNPs and SCMNPs, gave 64.9% decrease while the SCMNPs (0.01g) instead of decreasing, increased by 21.8% and lastly for SCMNPs (0.02g) there was a decrease of 45.8%. The remediation of PAHs MNPs (control 0.00g) gave the best remediation efficiency compared to that of SCMNPs (0.01g and 0.02g).
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