Phytoremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil: A Review Focusing on Hyperaccumulators and Their Structural Adaptation
Abstract
The contamination of the environment by toxic metals poses a threat for Humans and the biosphere, leading to reduction of agricultural productivity and damaging the health of the ecosystem. The use of naturally occurring organisms to clean up hydrocarbon polluted sites by transforming toxic and other undesirable materials into more benign or volatile substances is gaining favorable publicity. More than 500 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation. Among them, Thlaspi sp., Brassica sp., Helianthus annuus, Salix viminalis, Axonopus compressus, Cyperus rotundus,Hordeum vulgare, and Arabidopsis species have been mostly studied. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and understand the phytoremediating plants and how they are able to accumulate toxic metals. This paper attempted to provide a review on phytoaccumulators and their structural adaptation to crude oil polluted soils. It also reviews the sources of heavy metals in soils as well as the mechanism of phytoremediation of toxic metals in polluted soils and the advantages and limitations of this kind of technology for reducing them. Some recommended plants which are commonly used in phytoremediation and their capability to reduce the contaminant are also reported.
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