Ecotoxicity of Degreaser and Drilling Fluid Used in the Upstream Sector of Nigeria Petroleum Industry on Freshwater Higher Organism (Tilapia guineensis) and Microorganism (Nitrobacter sp.)
Abstract
The ecotoxicological evaluation of degreaser: Rigwash KLYNE 025A and Aquabreak PX and drilling fluids: Addax-WBF (water base) and Addax-OBF (oil base) to higher organism - fresh water fish Tilapia guineensis and microorganism Nitrobacter sp. were examined. The static with renewal option for acute toxicity assessment at concentrations 0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 and 100000ppm concentrations were employed. Mortality of the fish (LC50) was used as indices to monitor toxicity. The results showed that the oil-based drilling fluid were more toxic to the test organisms than the water-based drilling fluid. Degreaser LC50 revealed that Aquabreak were more toxic than Rigwash. The 96 h LC50 range were as follows: Aquabreak (1.29ppm) > Rigwash (12.26ppm) > Oil base (12463.01ppm) > Water base (25390.00ppm) (the lower the LC50 the more toxic the toxicant). The 24h Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of the sensitivity of the bacterium Nitrobacter to the toxicity of Drilling fluid - oil based and water based and Degreaser - Rigwash and Aquabreak in freshwater were Aquabreak (24193.88ppm) > Rigwash (30158.66ppm) > Water base (40160.96ppm) > Oil base (40414.20ppm). Comparatively, fresh water fish Tilapia guineensis was more susceptible than the bacterium Nitrobacter sp.to both degreaser (Rigwash KLYNE 025A and Aquabreak PX) and drilling fluids (Addax-WBF water base and Addax-OBF oil base). Degreaser Aquabreak PX to Tilapia guineensis showed the highest level of toxicity (LC50 1.29ppm). The test organisms displayed dissimilar levels of sensitivities to the four test toxicants at 95% probability levels. Findings from the study revealed that microorganism (Nitrobacter sp.) are more resistant to drilling fluid and degreaser than semi higher organism (Tilapia guineensis). Based on these findings; it is advocated that ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical used in aquatic environment should not only be assessed using microorganism but in conjunction with higher organism
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